Secularism v. Spirituality in the Second Nuns Tale Essay -- Second Nu

Secularism v. Spirituality in the Second Nuns Tale In the public Prologue to the Canterbury Tales, Chaucer describes the men and women of the Church in extreme forms most of these holy pilgrims, such as the Monk, the Friar, and Pardoner, are caricatures of objectionable parts of Catholic society. At a condemnation when the power-hungry Catholic Church used the misery of peasants in order to obtain wealth, it is no wonder that one of the greatest writers of the Middle Ages used his works to chin-wagging on the religious politics of the day. Yet not all of Chaucers religious characters are failures in spirituality. His description of the Second Nun is of a truly self-righteous woman who spends her life in the service of others she claims this service as the very reason she tells her tale And for to putte us fro swich ydelnesse, That cause is of so greet confusioun, I save heer doon my feithful bisynesse, After the legende, in translacioun Right of thy glorious lyf and passioun Thou with thy gerland wrought with rose and lilie - Thee meene I, mayde and martir, Seint Cecilie. (22-28) She is using her time wisely and in the service of her God, avoiding the easy-to-commit sin of sloth as she journeys on her horse, and aiding her comrades in the avoidance of this sin. In addition to saving the pilgrimage from sloth, she enlightens and teaches those around her, much like her beloved Saint Cecilia. However, while the character herself is fascinating and worthy of study alone, most intriguing is the choice of her tale. What is Chaucers purpose in having the character tell the tale ... ...owski, Eileen S. Chaucers Second Nuns Tale and the Apocalyptic Imagination. The Chaucer Review. 36.2. 2001 128-148. Project Muse. 2 Apr. 2002. Keyword Second Nun. Martin, Fredrick. Increase and Multipy in the Speech Acts of Chaucers Nuns Priest, Second Nun, and Canons Yeoman. 30 Mar. 2002 <http//www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/9976/chaucer8.html>. Reames, S herry L. The Cecilia Legend as Chaucer Inherited It and Retold It The Disappearance of an Augustinian Ideal. Speculum. 55.1. 1980 38-57. JSTOR. 6 Apr. 2002. Keyword Second Nun. Taise, Brother Anthony of. Chaucer and Religion. Ewha University, Seoul. 30 Mar. 2002 <http//www.sogang.ac.kr/anthony/Religion.htm>. Weise, Judith A. Chaucers Tell-Tale Lexicon Romancing Seinte Cecyle. Style. 31.3. 1997 440-479. ProQuest. 02 Apr. 2002. Keyword Second Nun.

Characteristics of Magical Realism in If Dinosaurs Were Cats And Dogs :: Dinosaurs Were Cats And Dogs Essays

Characteristics of Magical Realism in If Dinosaurs Were Cats And Dogs If Dinosaurs Were Cats And Dogs is a short story compose by Colin McNaughton. If Dinosaurs were Cats And Dogs was published in 1981. It is categorize under the fantastic rare. However, based on the analysis of If Dinosaurs were Cats And Dogs one would believe that magic realism is a genre of the sublime. While reading If Dinosaurs Were Cats And Dogs, one comes upon the illustrations in the book. Through out all of the illustrations, the people are on a smaller scale then the animals. photographic plate is a sign of a sublime work. It creates a mood of nature being more important than humans or anything else for that matter. Scale, when used in sublime works, sets a universal or macroscopic tone. I would confidently maintain that nothing contributes so decisively to the grand style as a terrible emotion in the right setting, when it forces its way to the surface in a gust of frenzy, and breathes a kind of divine inspiration into the speakers words (Longinus 109). Longinus is explaining how a outcome in a story line becomes clear to the reader out of a turbulent setting. It is considered by Longinus to be a perfect specimen of the sublime. In the short story If Dinosaurs Were Cats And Dogs, many examples of the emotion force their way to the surface in an uncontrollable frenzy. A good example from If Dinosaurs Were Cats And Dogs would be this excerption This glide is over ten miles long, which makes it very hard to steer. When people shout, Look out Look Out Its heads too far away to hear(McNaughton 21). In the excerpt from the story, when it is explained that even though people are shouting for the snake to watch where it is going, the snake cant hear because the its head is ten miles away. This is a brilliant examples of sublime literature. Although If Dinosaurs Were Cats and Dogs is classified as fantastic sublime, the story has many examples of magical realism within its pages. The way in which the animals in the story are humungous is one of the many examples of magical realism. A parrot that is twenty-nine feet tall is extraordinary. Even more extraordinary is a snake that is ten miles long.

Formation of the Greek Empire :: essays research papers

Our constitution is c bothed a democracy because antecedent is in the hands not of a ministry but of the whole people.Pericles was one of the more people who helped shape Ancient Greece to what we know of it today. The famous Greek Empire has bits and pieces from each ruler or concourse of people who once occupied it the Mycenaeans, Dorians, Pericles, Phillip 2, and Alexander the Great. In ancient times, Greece wasnt a united country but more of a group of lands where Greek-speaking people lived. just about 2000.B.C. the Mycenaean?s settled on the Greek mainland seeking to form a civilization. Already having the geography provide to the Greek culture, they put in many ideas and developed a writing system with the help of the Minoans, a group of people who were native to the Greek mainland. They fought a 10-year war against Troy known as the Trojan War. Although they were victorious, the weakened civilization collapsed and a new group of people, the Dorian?s took Greece into what is known as the Dark Age of Greece. Being less advance(a) than the Mycenaean?s, the writing system was dropped and a new way to tell history was formed through word or epics. Two major city-states or polis formed Athens and Sparta. Athens developed a limited Democracy, which was ruled by the people through representatives. This proved to be most efficient because all people were treated equally. Its was kept under control with a set of laws that harshly punished citizens for even the simplest crimes created by Draco in 621B.C. Solon came into power in 594 B.C., and took out Dracos? wicked methods by making four social classes based on wealth and abolishing debt slavery. Around 500 B.C., Cleisthenes created the Council of Five Hundred in which council members were randomly chosen by only citizens could be in a limited democracy. He also rearranged the social classes formed by Solon into ten groups based on where a citizen lived rather on wealth. Education in Athens was only given to males and when they became of age they then went on to serve in the military. Athens honored cultural things such as art and literature. Sparta was a military state run by an oligarchy government or rule by a small group of citizens based on wealth. Social order in Sparta consisted of citizens, noncitizens and helots. Sparta had the strongest army in Greece.

Trypanosoma cruzi :: Essays Papers

Trypanosoma cruzi Life HistoryTrypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan parasite, is the causative agent of Chagas disease. It is most commonly found among people, dogs, cats, and softheaded mammals in Central and South America, especially in rural communities where people reside in houses constructed from mud or thatch. The vector is the reduviid or fondling bug, which lives in the cracks of buildings and substandard houses8. Often substandard housing/living conditions ar shown to have these structural fractures, which provide suitable habitats for reduviid bugs. The reduviid bug transmits T. cruzi by rubbing its own contaminated feces into an abrasion (wound or bug bite) or a mucous membrane of the host. Two other modes of infection are blood transfusions/organ transplants and perinatal/vertical transfer from mother to child3. In addition, there have been reports that infections originated from undercooked food that was contaminated8. The life cycle of T. cruzi The vector, reduviid bug, b ites and defecates on host. Parasites, in the form of trypomastigotes, are able to enter the blood via mucous membranes or a cut. During cell invasion, the trypomastigotes transform into amastigotes and undergo multiplication. Parasites are then released into the blood flow rate as trypomastigotes where they either spread to other tissues or are taken up by the vector to perpetuate the life cycle2. Chagas diseaseChagas disease exists in three stages acute, indeterminate, and chronic. 1. The acute stage manifests shortly after infection from a bite or alternate mode of transmission and is generally found in only 1% of reported cases8. Although it is often asymptomatic, symptoms can include Romaas sign (one swollen eye), fever, fatigue, enlarged liver/spleen, swollen lymph nodes, rash, overtaking of appetite, diarrhea, and vomiting. In adults, these symptoms generally subside within 4-8 weeks and whitethorn or may not require treatment. Very young children are a conce rn because they may sustain severe brain damage or die as a result of infection8. 2. The indeterminate stage may also be asymptomatic. onrush of this stage is reported about 8-10 weeks following infection and may persist for years.3. The chronic stage is the most severe and the most common manifestation of Chagas disease. degenerative Chagas disease usually presents itself 10-40 years after infection, in about 30% of infected individuals. On average, developing this class of Chagas

The Value of Human Life :: essays research papers

Euthanasia-A Critique was published in the New England Journal of Medicine on June 20, 1990. Peter A. vocalizer and jell Siegler are the two authors of this article. Singer is a graduate of the University of Toronto Medical School and holds a masters in public health from Yale University. He is confederate professor of medicine and associate director of the Center for Bioethics at the University of Toronto. Siegler got hi medical degree from the University of Chicago. He is the director of the Center of Clinical Medical moral philosophy at the university. He has written more then 100 articles and six books. The two authors believe that the medical community should rethink the move towards the use of euthanasia. Singer and Siegler discuss cost containment and what it entails, such as restitution. The expense of hospital stays and the cutting down on nursing staff at hospitals affects it. Many psychic psychic trauma centers are also closing down. They bring up the social injust ice of euthanasia and how the poor and elderly will be affected. The minorities, uninsured and others could be taken advantage of by health care providers. Other problems are aroused when ethics come into the picture. The authors talk about the Hippocratic oath, religion, and massess honest traditions. Runkle 2When dealing with euthanasia issues arise, one of them is cost containment. When hospitals and doctors run tests it cost money, many tests are expensive and have to be repeated often. Health insurance can be expensive and many people choose either not to get insurance or cant afford it. When people dont have insurance it costs all of the taxpayers and hospital to cover the expense. This would encourage doctors to perform euthanasia on patients that are not paying(a) for themselves just to get rid of them. Not having to spend money on patients medicine will keep cost at lower limit along with long hospital stays with patients being kept alive with machines costing a lot of money everyday. There are many trauma centers closing throughout the country making health care shortages. This leads to over crowding and the possibility of doctors involuntarily killing patients to make room is the hospital.Many groups of ships company will be targeted for euthanasia. Some of the groups are the uninsured, poor, elderly, minorities, and mentally disabled. Doctors would target these individuals because there less desirable role on society. Most doctors would not think is this substance but they are out there.

Socrates Essay example -- essays research papers

Specific Purpose To inform my audience about the feeling of Socrates.     Central Idea I plan on relation back the audience what Philosophy is, who Socrates was, and the methods he used in teaching his philosophy.INTRODUCTION     Attention Getter "The unexamined disembodied spirit is not worth living." This is the just about famous quote of the most popular philosopher of all time Socrates.Reveal Topic I plan on telling you what philosophy is and how Socrates viewed philosophy.     Credibility I am able to speak on this topic because I bring taken a philosophy course, and I cognise with done extensive explore in to Socrates life.     Central Idea I plan on telling the audience what philosophy is, who Socrates was, and tell the way he viewed philosophy in revise to better understand his quote.(Connective First, lets talk about what philosophy is.)BODYI. Philosophy is a term with many mean ings.     A. Philosophy is the demonstrate of thinking through both little question imaginable to try to come up with the most rational explanation or truth.     B. It is an attempt to draw and quarter "the ultimate and real genius of reality."     C. Philosophy also helps us to determine the limits of out companionship by its source, value, nature and validity.     D. It is a continuous thought functioning searching for the underlying knowledge of all causes or things as they appear to us, finding out why a thing is what it is.(Connective Now lets learn a little about Socrates life.)II. Socratess deportment     A. He grew up in Athens with little schooling.      B. He married late in life but did kick in 3 sons.     C. He was a political figure because of his wisdom, but never was interested in running for any type of public off ice.     D. He was a major figure during a war which is where he first gained his recognition.     E. He wrote none of his thoughts down. The information we constitute about him today comes from one of his students, his best, Plato. He target down several of the dialogs he had with Socrates and put them in a book.     F. His main... ...le he was in prison. They had actually devised an escape plan, and also a guard "forgot" to lock the door, but Socrates utter he wanted to obey with the law and die for his reason, cause, and beliefs.      F. He said he didnt fear death because you baset fear anything you dont have any knowledge of. coda     Well, I hope everyone can come up with their own regardation of why the unexamined life wasnt and isnt worth living. According to Socrates, we should be asking questions about everything we see, hear, or think we know. I interpret th e quote as having to know yourself inside and out. You have to come up with your own beliefs and determine, not the ones of anyone else. I believe to have a happy life, you have to examine and know every little aspect of your life. If your thoughts and beliefs arent questioned by yourself over and over again, how will you know if they are your thoughts or the ones of others? If you are living the values and beliefs of your best friend or a group of friends, the values are not your own, so therefor, your life is unexamined and why should you live a life that isnt yours? Socrates Essay example -- essays research papers Specific Purpose To inform my audience about the life of Socrates.     Central Idea I plan on telling the audience what Philosophy is, who Socrates was, and the methods he used in teaching his philosophy.INTRODUCTION     Attention Getter "The unexamined life is not worth living." This is the most famous qu ote of the most popular philosopher of all time Socrates.Reveal Topic I plan on telling you what philosophy is and how Socrates viewed philosophy.     Credibility I am able to speak on this topic because I have taken a philosophy course, and I have done extensive research in to Socrates life.     Central Idea I plan on telling the audience what philosophy is, who Socrates was, and tell the way he viewed philosophy in order to better understand his quote.(Connective First, lets talk about what philosophy is.)BODYI. Philosophy is a term with many meanings.     A. Philosophy is the process of thinking through every little question imaginable to try to come up with the most rational explanation or truth.     B. It is an attempt to describe "the ultimate and real nature of reality."     C. Philosophy also helps us to determine the limits of out knowledge by its source, value, natur e and validity.     D. It is a continuous thought process searching for the underlying knowledge of all causes or things as they appear to us, finding out why a thing is what it is.(Connective Now lets learn a little about Socrates life.)II. Socratess Life     A. He grew up in Athens with little schooling.      B. He married late in life but did have 3 sons.     C. He was a political figure because of his wisdom, but never was interested in running for any type of public office.     D. He was a major figure during a war which is where he first gained his recognition.     E. He wrote none of his thoughts down. The information we have about him today comes from one of his students, his best, Plato. He recorded several of the dialogs he had with Socrates and put them in a book.     F. His main... ...le he was in prison. They had actually devised a n escape plan, and also a guard "forgot" to lock the door, but Socrates said he wanted to comply with the law and die for his reason, cause, and beliefs.      F. He said he didnt fear death because you cant fear anything you dont have any knowledge of.CONCLUSION     Well, I hope everyone can come up with their own interpretation of why the unexamined life wasnt and isnt worth living. According to Socrates, we should be asking questions about everything we see, hear, or think we know. I interpret the quote as having to know yourself inside and out. You have to come up with your own beliefs and values, not the ones of anyone else. I believe to have a happy life, you have to examine and know every little aspect of your life. If your thoughts and beliefs arent questioned by yourself over and over again, how will you know if they are your thoughts or the ones of others? If you are living the values and beliefs of your best friend or a group of friends, the values are not your own, so therefor, your life is unexamined and why should you live a life that isnt yours?

Socrates Essay example -- essays research papers

Specific Purpose To inform my au faintnce ab come out of the closet the life of Socrates.      primal Idea I political program on telling the audience what school of thought is, who Socrates was, and the methods he used in teaching his doctrine.INTRODUCTION     Attention Getter "The unexamined life is not worth living." This is the most famous credit of the most popular philosopher of on the whole time Socrates.Reveal Topic I plan on telling you what philosophy is and how Socrates viewed philosophy.     Credibility I am capable to speak on this melodic theme because I carry taken a philosophy course, and I have done extensive search in to Socrates life.     Central Idea I plan on telling the audience what philosophy is, who Socrates was, and tell the way he viewed philosophy in order to better render his quote.(Connective First, lets talk about what philosophy is.)BODYI. Philosophy is a t erm with many meanings.     A. Philosophy is the process of thinking through every petty(a) capitulum imaginable to try to progress up with the most rational explanation or truth.     B. It is an attempt to describe "the ultimate and real nature of reality."     C. Philosophy too helps us to determine the limits of out chouseledge by its source, value, nature and validity.     D. It is a continuous thought process searching for the underlying knowledge of all causes or things as they appear to us, decision out wherefore a thing is what it is.(Connective Now lets learn a little about Socrates life.)II. Socratess Life     A. He grew up in Athens with little schooling.      B. He married late in life but did have 3 sons.     C. He was a political presage because of his wisdom, but never was interest in running for any type of public office.     D. He was a major figure during a war which is where he first gained his recognition.     E. He wrote none of his thoughts down. The information we have about him today comes from one of his students, his best, Plato. He recorded several of the dialogs he had with Socrates and put them in a book.     F. His main... ...le he was in prison. They had real devised an escape plan, and also a guard "forgot" to lock the door, but Socrates said he wanted to comply with the law and die for his reason, cause, and beliefs.      F. He said he didnt fear death because you cant fear anything you dont have any knowledge of.CONCLUSION     Well, I hope everyone can come up with their own interpretation of why the unexamined life wasnt and isnt worth living. According to Socrates, we should be asking questions about everything we see, hear, or think we know. I interpret the quote as having to know yourself inside and out. You have to come up with your own beliefs and values, not the ones of anyone else. I believe to have a happy life, you have to examine and know every little spirit of your life. If your thoughts and beliefs arent questioned by yourself over and over again, how will you know if they are your thoughts or the ones of others? If you are living the values and beliefs of your best familiarity or a host of friends, the values are not your own, so therefor, your life is unexamined and why should you live a life that isnt yours? Socrates Essay example -- essays research papers Specific Purpose To inform my audience about the life of Socrates.     Central Idea I plan on telling the audience what Philosophy is, who Socrates was, and the methods he used in teaching his philosophy.INTRODUCTION     Attention Getter "The unexamined life is not worth living." This is the most famous quote of the most popular philosopher of all time Socrates.Reveal Topic I plan on telling you what philosophy is and how Socrates viewed philosophy.     Credibility I am able to speak on this topic because I have taken a philosophy course, and I have done extensive research in to Socrates life.     Central Idea I plan on telling the audience what philosophy is, who Socrates was, and tell the way he viewed philosophy in order to better understand his quote.(Connective First, lets talk about what philosophy is.)BODYI. Philosophy is a term with many meanings.     A. Philosophy is the process of thinking through every little question imaginable to try to come up with the most rational explanation or truth.     B. It is an attempt to describe "the ultimate and real nature of reality."     C. Philosophy also helps us to determine the limits of out knowledge by its source, value, nature an d validity.     D. It is a continuous thought process searching for the underlying knowledge of all causes or things as they appear to us, finding out why a thing is what it is.(Connective Now lets learn a little about Socrates life.)II. Socratess Life     A. He grew up in Athens with little schooling.      B. He married late in life but did have 3 sons.     C. He was a political figure because of his wisdom, but never was interested in running for any type of public office.     D. He was a major figure during a war which is where he first gained his recognition.     E. He wrote none of his thoughts down. The information we have about him today comes from one of his students, his best, Plato. He recorded several of the dialogs he had with Socrates and put them in a book.     F. His main... ...le he was in prison. They had actually devised an es cape plan, and also a guard "forgot" to lock the door, but Socrates said he wanted to comply with the law and die for his reason, cause, and beliefs.      F. He said he didnt fear death because you cant fear anything you dont have any knowledge of.CONCLUSION     Well, I hope everyone can come up with their own interpretation of why the unexamined life wasnt and isnt worth living. According to Socrates, we should be asking questions about everything we see, hear, or think we know. I interpret the quote as having to know yourself inside and out. You have to come up with your own beliefs and values, not the ones of anyone else. I believe to have a happy life, you have to examine and know every little aspect of your life. If your thoughts and beliefs arent questioned by yourself over and over again, how will you know if they are your thoughts or the ones of others? If you are living the values and beliefs of your best friend or a group of friends, the values are not your own, so therefor, your life is unexamined and why should you live a life that isnt yours?

Careers in Clinical and Counseling

My grim determination to pursue a go in psychology has been a life considerable dream. Since I was in my teens, I flip eternally been interested in how a hu piece of music brain works. In fact, observing human behavior was my favorite pastime. I remember rather well how I would observe other plenty and compare their reactions to identical stimuli and then asked myself why? For instance, why did Mrs. A spank her 8-year-old son when she caught him lying, and Mrs. B did not? Since I saw that both Mrs. A and Mrs. B were very angry at their sons for lying, why the difference in their reactions?In such situations, the reasons ass the behavior of people, why they acted the way they did, always fascinated me. Although I was not yet fully aware at the time, I believe that my preoccupation with peoples behavior resulted from my personal circumstances. I lost my father to alcoholic beverage addiction when I was only 12 years old. Perhaps, subconsciously, I might have even placed part of t he blame on my mother because I could not recall her saying or doing anything to help my father overcome his addiction.I always wondered why she tolerated my dads alcohol habit while our neighbors would often be heard arguing and shouting at one another every time the husband would arrive home drunk. This led me to ask myself what made mom different from the wife next door. (Now that I k promptly that my mom was what is now called a classic enabler, I am sure that her being one plasteredly supported, if not actually encouraged my dad in pursuing his alcohol habit. ) Later, I would always resort to asking myself the same question whenever I would observe variant behaviors from people in our locality.For instance, when I heard that another man was discovered to be an alcoholic or a drug addict, I would wonder if his children felt the way I and my siblings felt before. Growing up in a family which was rendered dysfunctional by an alcoholic father and later with a single mother who was struggling with four children had been difficult. Things never came easy, but through sheer, large(p) work, I succeeded in making something of myself. I know that I worked hard for it, but I could not help thinking that I had been lucky as well.I could not help thinking of other children of families rendered dysfunctional by some forms of addiction. This thought started my self awareness. I began asking myself what really motivated me and why I do the things I do. Finally, I realized that what I really wanted was to help degraded children coming out of dysfunctional families. I was convinced that children who undergo what I went through but who were not as lucky as I have been need all the help they can get. So I took every opportunity that would lead me to this path. I first worked as a case manager for a community health center.Then I managed a younker home for troubled girls sentenced to the program through Youth Services. After that I worked with the prevention unit of anot her community health center. The financial demands of bringing up two sons, however, forced me to redirect my attention to my own familys financial needs, so I started a retail business that would enable me to provide for my two sons adequately. However, after seven years, my lifelong passion resurfaced. I realized that I simply cannot turn my back on those people who need help and counseling.I distinct to go back to pursuing my passion by attending a counseling program to better equip me in my desire to help troubled people. But first, in 2006, I completed a certification program in hypnosis and acquired a credential for certified hypnotist because I am certain that the skill would prove helpful later. My ultimate objective is to acquire a masters degree in psychology and have a career in counseling psychology. I am aware that a career in counseling psychology could be very physically exhausting, emotionally draining, and involves long hours of work.However, these drawbacks are c ertainly offset by its most significant advantage self-fulfillment. I know that helping people through counseling psychology exit be the only career that would fulfill my lifelong dream. Besides, I get to be my own boss once I enter private practice. (Careers in Clinical and Counseling Psychology, n. d. ) Reference Careers in Clinical and Counseling Psychology. (n. d. ). Retrieved August 19, 2007, from http//www. wcupa. edu/_academics/sch_cas. psy/Career_Paths/Clinical/Career03. htm

The Rocket Boys

The Rocket Boys home run Hickam Jr. For my reading assignment, I chose The Rocket Boys by home run Hickam Jr. It is an autobiography written more resembling a fiction novel just about a high school aged boy, Homer, who lived in a coal mining town named Coalwood. His father ran the coal mine and indigenceed his son to follow in his footsteps but Homer did not want to become a miner. He valued to grow up to be a arugula engineer. Homer and his father were never coarse fri closings and this built latent hostility between them all the expression through Homers high school years.This passion for rockets began while Homer was watching the Russians rig a send into space for the first time ever. He started to learn about rockets and with a group of friends, he started to grasp the concept of rocket instituteing. After some months of contend for materials and a place to launch these rockets, the coal company allowed them to launch on an aband integrityd coal yard outside of tow n. For three years Homer and his friends launched develop and better rockets, able to reach up to five miles in the sky In their senior year they entered the county recognition fair and won all the way to nationals with the help of their whole community.Homers successes pleased his father they both finally were happier and moved on. Homer ended up at NASA after joining the forces for the Vietnam War. He is still alive today. A detail passage in the book I find appealing is found on pages forty and cardinal All t palpebra fall, the Welch Daily News and the Bluefield Daily Telegraph were filled with stories of our American scientists and engineers at Cape Canaveral in Florida, desperately working to catch up with the Russians. It was if the science fiction I had read all my liveliness were coming genuine.Gradually, I became fascinated by the whole thing. I read e truly article I could find about the men at the Cape and kept myself pinned to the television set for the latest on what they were doing. I began to hear about one particular rocket scientist named Dr. Wernher von Braun. His very name was exotic and exciting. I saw on television were Dr. von Braun had given an interview and he said, in a precipitous German accent, that if he got the go ahead he could put a satellite into orbit within thirty days. The newspapers said hed comport to wait, that the program Vanguard would get the first chance.Vanguard was the United States International Geophysical satellite program, and von Braun, since he worked for the Army, was someways too tainted by that association to select the first American try for orbit. At night before I went to sleep, I thought about what Dr. von Braun might be doing at that very moment down at the Cape. I could just imagine him high on a gantry, lying on his back worry Michelangelo, working with a wrench on the fuel lines of one of his rockets. I started to gauge about what an adventure it would be to work for him, helping him to b uild rockets and launching them into space. This passage describes when Homer started to think about how much he liked rockets and how Dr. von Braun started to become Homers hero. It mentions how Homer just notices Dr. von Brauns name and automatically takes an pertain in the scientist because of how exotic it was which foreshadows the fact that Homer will gull a growing interest in Dr. von Braun. Homers admiration for the scientist grew well when Dr. von Braun said that, if allowed, he could have a satellite in space in thirty days. This made Homer think of him as an aeronautic hero and that is how he thought about him for the rest of his life.The author used creative references, like when Homer would lie in bed and think about what Dr. von Braun was doing. He thought that he was like Michelangelo, high up on a gantry underneath his art or his rocket haunt something with his wrench like Michelangelo was fixing something under the Sistine Chapels ceiling with his brush. This th ought made Homer think about how great it would be to be doing that alongside of the great Dr. von Braun. This important passage shows what Homer Jr. s main interest will be for the rest of his life. The most difficult excerpt Homer had to make was what he wanted to do in life.All through high school Homer wanted to please his father but in addition wanted to do what he wanted to do. His father wanted Homer to become a mining engineer after Homer expressed an interest in engineering he sincerely wanted Homer to take over his work after he retired. Homer said to him that he didnt really know what an engineer did but that all he wanted to do was build rockets. His father kept pressing Homer, explaining that coal mining was the life of their country and Homer would be doing his country an honor by running a coal mine. Homer had always wanted the respect from his father hat his father gave to Homers brother and coal mining would get him that respect but his dream was to build rockets in Cape Canaveral. Homer was divide but he knew in his heart that he was going to follow his dream, despite whatever his father said. Interestingly, because this book is an autobiography that contains an epilogue, the reader learns about the casing at the end of the book and later in life. At the end of the book, Homer was physically the same as the beginning Homer was in adept health since there was no mention of his physical health changing, unlike his father, whose lungs were turning black and infected from mining.Homer was emotionally much better at the end of the book. After years of struggling, Homer figured out who he was and what he was going to this issue was summarized powerfully on page three hundred seven, stand up under the apple tree where Daisy Mae was buried, I realized I didnt have to envy them anymore I also knew now who I was and what I was going to do. That was when almost as if someone had pulled a string, my stomach and head stopped hurting. Socially, Hom er always seemed fine. He had a great group of friends- the rocket boys- throughout the story.By the end of the book, his social circumstances were even better as Homer was regarded as almost a small town hero in Coalwood after winning the science fairs. He still had a great group of friends that he was with since before and during high school and the community liked him and his friends a lot this most evident after listening to the people watching the boys drive to their last launch Some people saw the rocket viscous out of the window, and shouts of encouragement rang out. The rocket boys, hoo Were imperial of you boys A-OK, all systems go . People from all over the county respected the boys, especially Homer. Homer was in great shape at the end of the book- physically, emotionally, and socially, having stayed true to what he wanted to do, and sticking with his friends. Personally, I like Homer. He tries to please everyone he knows with whatever he does. He seems genuine and pu ts a lot of work into everything he does. One thing I noticed about Homer that is most admirable is that he did not give up when he needed something.If he needed to get supplies for his rockets, he would do whatever he could to get them. He would trade for supplies, do work for people, camp in the woods for a week, and dig steel out of the ground to sell. Homer did have some bad moments when he got stumblebum and arrogant but whenever he did, someone knocked him back into his place and he realized what he was doing. Considering all of these things, I would like to be friends with Homer and would really enjoy being a rocket boy. The Rocket Boys title signifies the main point of the book.It explains that the book is about a group of boys who are somehow connected to rockets, whether they have an interest, they like to fly them, or anything else with rockets involved. I think a better title to the book could be Leaving Coalwood because the story emphasizes all of the reasons not to st ay in Coalwood but to leave and pursue ones dreams. It also signifies the rockets themselves when they blast off and go high up in the sky, leaving Coalwood behind and seeing the world from above before falling back to Coalwood.The ending of The Rocket Boys is very trenchant given the resolution of the accent that was prominent throughout the book. Homers final launch brought many people to Cape Coalwood, including Homers father. Homer let his father launch their last and best rocket ever that exploded the launch pad and flew to six miles in the sky. Homers father jumped around, happy and excited, very proud of his son. Homers father was finally showing just how pleased he was for his sons success, something Homer longed for. Since this story had such a happy, exciting, and true ending, it is hard to change it.If I had to change it, another ending might be that the tension was not completely cleared up between Homer and his father. Homers father wouldnt have come to the launch, and even though he was slowly getting used to the fact that Homer wanted to leave Coalwood and work with rockets. In the changed ending, he still wasnt happy that Homer wouldnt take over his job. This ending leaves the possibility for a sequel, quest up on the continued tension as Homer became an adult and a successful NASA scientist.While I thought the actual ending to The Rocket Boys was effective and good, having a new ending would also create new possibilities. I would recommend this book to someone who relates to this book in many ways. My father is one of those people who are always interested in learning about things, and how they work. This book is all about how Homer learned about how rockets work and how to build them. My father loves to build things and always wanted to become a carpenter, which is what he did.His parents wanted him to go to college to work as a company executive like his dad and he never told them he wanted to become a carpenter. After struggling to decide whether or not to tell them, wondering if they would be mad or not, he told them, and to his surprise, they were fine with it. This isnt exactly like Homers struggle with his father where it was external conflict, but internal. I think my father would relate to Homers struggle. In addition, my father would enjoy the technical story of the building of the rockets and all of the excitement that this story provides.Overall, I like this book a lot. I thought the book I was going to have to read for this reading assignment was going to be boring and long. I was completely wrong I did not want to stop reading this story. I thought it was a very well written autobiography that isnt just filled with facts and dates, but is filled with rich information from the exciting adventures with Homer and his rocket boys. This was one of the best reading assignment books I have ever read in fact, one of the best books I have ever read.

Comaprison Theorist Essay

Sigmund Freuds burn up to personality would be and still is a debate within our society today. Researchers and psychologist are still observing his approach and there are still unanswered questions. One approach Freud did not use was how our society and culture would effect the person we all would become. The one intimacy that most Neo-Freudians agreed on was that early childhood experiences would provoke an effect on your personality develop custodyt. Freud laid the path for psychologist and creationy would lock what they well-educated from him and go in their own direction.Alfred Adler was one Neo-Freudian that disagreed with Freud. Their disagreement was not only professional it became personal. Adler approach was called the individual psychology. He helped us understand personality with tune for superiority, how our parents were an influence on our personalities as children and the effect of our birth order. Adler like Freud believed that your earlier years were important w hen it came to shaping your personality when you became and adult. One thing Adler believed is that the parents role would affect the child.The first thing parents should not do is give the child overly much attention. By stating this Adler meant pampering. He believed that pampering would take by(p) childrens independence. They become more dependent on people, and they beginnert learn how to lick their own decisions. He believed that they should be able to make mistakes and make their own decisions, because this would be good for them and they would learn to be more dependent.Another mistakeparents make landd Adler was they would not give children enough attention, which would lead to neglect. If children dont receive enough attention they would grow up to be distant, and would not know how to be intimate or carry on a consanguinity. Adler was the first psychologist to mention that the order in which you were born would shape your personality.Comparison of Theorists3Carl Ju ng also would leave Freud and Freud would feel betrayed by that. He took him leaving personal as well. Jung was curious with religious concepts. He would take Freuds idea of unconscious and put his own twist to it. We as people would inherit our physical characteristics, provided Jung believed we inherited unconscious psychic characterics as well. After Jung left Freud he would travel around the world and study other cultures and this is were he would base his possibility on. He relied a lot on ancient mythology and Eastern religion.Jung believed that the collective unconscious is made up by something called the primordial im ages. These images would help people serve to our society in a different way, there called archetypes. essentially Jung would describe the collective unconscious as the concept of instincts. He also believed that every man had a feminine side and female had a manly side. He had three archetypes that he spoke on the anima which is the feminine side of the ma le, and the animus is the masculine side of female. Stating this, Jung was the first psychologist to point push through people would have both male and female characteristics within themselves.Another archetype he had was called the shadow. The shadow was cognise as the dark side that people would possess. It does not actually mean that people are evil. The main thing that Jung is known for was his focus on unsociable and extroversive types. An introvert was psyche who focused more inwardly, this person was not the social type and focused more on themselves. An extravert focus sound the opposite their focus was outward. Jung, like Freud would stay on the topic of human behavior.Karen Horney was a female psychologist who disagreed with how Freud viewed women. Freud stated that men and women were born with different personalities. (pg 111 n.d.).Horney would disagree with that, she viewthat our social and culture played a bigger role in ourComparison of Theorists4personality then biology. She studied a term called neurosis, which means neurotic. Horneys definition of neurotic is that people are trapped in a self-defeating interpersonal style. The way people interact with others prevents them from developing the social opposition they unconsciously crave. (pg 112 n.d.). This will lead to a defense mechanism to help with their feeling of anxiety. Freud would say neurosis was an unconscious battle between various aspects of personality.Horney would state that it would start off in your childhood. Horney had three styles neurotics would use to avoid anxiety experiences. They were called moving away from people, moving toward people, moving against people. Moving away from people, this is when children would learn to just tune people out. When in a hostile environment or situation, instead of engaging with the others they would just tune the person out. Basically ignore the situation. As adults they become sheltered. They would find jobs with little interactions and they would reframe from being in a relationship or intimate.These people would become emotionless and if attached to someone or something the feeling of emptiness while a child would all return. Moving toward people, these people become very dependent on others. They yearn for nub and strive to get accepted by their parents. This yearning would temporally relive them for any anxiety they are having, but in later years they would depone on this. As adults they would have more then usual need for love and affection.They dont want to be lonely, and believe that any relationship they are in is a relationship. They are aiming affection and dont know how to love, they are more clingy. Moving against people, these people would rather fight. They have the press out to have power while pushing around children. These individuals believe that being aggressive and mean you can get what you can in that form. You basically take control of the matter before anyone else does. One thing tha t Horney debated about was Freud theory onComparison of Theorists5women.Freud stated women had penis envy, which is the desire that every girls as to be a boy(pg 114 n.d.). Horney disagreed and stated that men envy us women and the ability we have to bear and nurse children, this was called the womb envy.Horney was not stating that men were not pleased with themselves but simply stating that we all have qualities that each other admirer. Horney did point out when Freud was making his theory on woman that he was living in a time where woman were treated the way they should have been, he was living in a era where the culture would have helped his influence on the decisions he made for women.Erick Erikson would use some of Freud ideas in his theory he would add some of his own ideas. Freud believed that the self was between id impulses and superego demand however Erikson believed that the ego played a bigger part. Erikson believed that the ego played a powerful, independent part of pe rsonality. (pg 106 n.d.). It would help with your identity, and your need to over come the environment. Your ego is to help you get your sense of identity.The term identity crisis comes from Erikson. You would usually find this in adolescents they seem to not know which way they are going in life. Freud ended his personality development around six years of age, as for Erikson he said it would continue throughout a persons life. By saying this he gave us eight stages that start from when you are a baby until youre at an old age.The first stage is basic avow versus mistrust this stage is during infancy years, newborns have no choice but to rely on everyone around them. Autonomy versus shame and doubt is during the toddlers years, when children want to feel powerful and independent. At the toddler stage Adler stated parents should not pamper, as for Erikson he stated they should not be overprotective at this stage. Initiative versus guilty is early childhood, children learn how to org anize and they will learn to set goals and kick down and challenges that come their way. Industry versus.Comparison of Theorists6inferiority is round-eyed school age years, this when children soon find outthere is more competition out their in the world. Identity versus role confusion is adolescence years, when teenagers find out who they are and what they want in life. Intimacy versus isolation is young adulthood years, when you seek for the relationship you have always longed for.Generatively versus stagnation is adulthood years, when you want to use up the next generation because you feel as though you have not done everything you want in your life. Ego integrity versus despair is old age years, when you look at your past life and smile you know you have that sense of integrity, but if you dont you know at this time, its too late because time is short now.These four Neo-Freudians have their own approach on personality psychology. When reading all of their perspectives, I would agree to disagree with most. I agreed with Eriksons approach with the eight stages, Horney was believable because I am a woman and I could relate to where she was coming with her feminine psychology approach.Jung was the more vibrant one and he dug deep into different cultures, and I disagreed with Adlers approach with the birth order, but would agree with his perspective on how parents pampered and omit their children. So like there are still debates and intellectual conversations about personality psychology, I would have to debate as well, because there are so many different approaches you can lean towards when it comes to this topic.Comparison of Theorists7ReferencesBurger, J. (2010). Personality. CengageLearning. Eighth edition

Which is the best graduate program in criminal justice in the Midwest

In conducting a explore to determine the best criminal justice graduate curriculum in the Midwest, it would be best to select footsteps that argon able to clearly give snapshots of what to expect from each program. These measures are faculty quality, assimilator-instructor ratios in both classes and research, graduate prominence in criminal justice institutions, and program standing with accrediting organizations. The first measure tail be ordinal, nominal, and ratio.Basically, we need to examine the credentials of the faculty members teaching in the said program. This examination includes the issue of cover that theyve published in peer-reviewed journals, their positions in academic organizations, as well as their rankings in relevant and recognized academic competitions. Of course, we need to compare each of these variables for this measure separately. This measure gives us a comprehensive view of the level of competence professors in the program have.However, this does not include one of the most important measures which is student feedback, a variable that may often be difficult to obtain due to it being classified in nature. The next measure is the student-instructor ratio. This is the ratio of the number of students that are found in a class handled by one professor. This can also refer to the number of advisees handled by one professor. Generally, favorable ratios should seeded player closer to one. The larger the ratio is, the more congested classrooms are likely to be.This implied that the professor might not be able to give ample help to each student. This is especially problematic in terms of research advising. Professors should generally be advising only a few students at a time with research work. Following the student-teacher ratio is the prominence of the program graduates in criminal justice institutions. This measure can include the positions held by the graduates, the length of time after graduating forwards they held the said positi ons, as well as awards that they received in the positions held.This measure gives a preview of what to expect after graduation from the program. Ratio data can be store by taking the total number of graduates to the number of graduates holding positions in relevant institutions after a certain time period. A bigger ratio would imply poorer graduate performance specifically in the program that they have completed. Finally, ordinal and nominal data from accrediting institutions can be collected as the ivth measure.Nominal data can be grade accreditations while ordinal data can include program rankings with other programs in the Midwest. With this measure, the student will be able to see just where the program places with respect to other programs according to criteria set by credible bodies. Following the four measures set in this paper will provide the prospecting student with a comprehensive view on the quality of the graduate school program in criminal justice that he or she see ks to enroll in.The measures selected scrutinize both the competence and availability of faculty members to attend to student needs in both class content and graduate research. The measures also provide means for scrutiny of the program itself by examining the experiences of its graduates. Lastly, direct examination of accreditations provide a clear substitution class of how the academic community views the program. These measures will be successful in evaluating which school offers the best program.

Discuss the Presentation of the American Dream in John Steinbeck’s Novel, “Of Mice and Men” Essay

The Ameri chiffonier moon, the leap from rags to riches, is a ideate that has always been thought of as achievable through and through hard work. To achieve the American ideate you must leave all you switch and be leading to give up every function for excitement, mellow a risk and a better life. It is a romantic view of life where someone can leave his or her troubles behind and find happiness.The concept of the American Dream is often viewed in conjunction with the Western Frontier. For m every(prenominal) years, America was a country with a verge. Early colonisation took place on the East slideway and the termination played a pivotal role in American thinking where it stood as a boundary beyond which civilisation ceased to exist. Beyond the frontier lay many miles of land, which was for the taking, and a life of excitement and adventure, where men could have free of the cares of urban or modern life. People rarely took advantage what the frontier lands had to protract, exclusively it acted as a preventative valve as good deal felt they could follow the American Dream if they wanted. The Dream and the frontier could be referred to in any era of deprivation for Americans.Many authors have explored the concept of the American day hallucination in their work, including John Steinbeck. I am going to explore how Steinbeck has presented the American envisage in the novel, Of Mice and Men. The novel is set in the great depression of the 1930s. At this clock, the countrys economy was going through a delicate drop and thousands found themselves with nothing. Many looked to the American Dream and a vision of the western frontier, as a center for a better life. The novel represents a microcosm of America at this time, with various characters representing a different group of sight in the time of the American depression.In the main body of this es conjecture I will study the breathing ins of George and Lennie, glass over, Crooks, and Curleys marri ed woman and how they are employed in the Novel, of Mice and Men. I will explore the functions and everyday roles that these ambitions play to the people concerned. eventually I shall study how and why these hallucinationings go wrong.George Milton and Lennie Small are the main protagonists in the novel, and share the main dream. It is a typical itinerant workers dream, where a man can follow the American dream and buy some land to live on and be his induce boss. It is a dream focusing on living for oneself as Lennie says, An live off the fatta the lan. The dream is of ten acres of land with a house. Here they can grow what they need to survive with a vegetable patch and a rabbit hutch and chickens. This dream would mean they only worked when they wanted to, giving them independence and in general a variable life. This would mean small advantages akin not working if the weather wasnt nice enough or if a fren came along wed say Why dont you spen the night, an by God he would. The dream offers freedom from the life they know. They could leave all their troubles behind and start kayoed fresh using the money they worked for. It gives them pride to think they can do it, and became members of the owners.For George and Lennie, the dream has many features of appeal. The first is that they can reap the fruits of their own labour. This is an ancient, biblical model where in the Bible it states as yes shall reap, so shall ye sow. This is honest and humble living. The dream offers autonomy and also self-control linking to freedom and the ambition of the self make man, as George says, wed have our own place where we belonged. The men will feel they belong there as they have environmental ownership so the dream also offers long-term security, it would be our own, and nobody could can us. This means financial security as well as social security, as Lennie can be controlled as George has appointed him to look afterward the rabbits.Society doesnt know how to control someone resembling Lennie, and obtaining him isolated and protected will keep him safe. As they consider the dream, they live in a bunkhouse with six other men, and so the dream presents privacy. Overall there would be a role reversal as George and Lennie could control and put limits on manual labour of their own, If we dont like a guy we can say Get the hell out. They could also have the ability to form relationships and put down solid roots, as they would be stationery, rather than moving nigh all the time. On the ranch, Crooks and Candy are the only permanent workers and they dont have any relationships after all the ranch is a lonely(a) place, and all other men screw and go.The dream serves many functions. It doesnt seem plausible at many points in the novel and we never rattling feel that it can happen but its the thought that it could which directs the way many of the characters think. The dream is a comfort and boosts the morale of George and Lennie when they need sola ce. Ironically at times when they most need it in this respect, it seems furthest away. The dream is a way to make life more than variable and in doing so more bearable their current lives are all very scheduled. One of the most important roles of the dream in the lives of Lennie and George is that it is used as a tool to keep Lennie under control. Lennies focus throughout the novel is on tending the rabbits. For Lennie as a character, the dream represents a place of safety. George uses the story like a bedtime story for Lennie. Its like a fairy tale depicting how subconsciously at least, the dream isnt feasible.To the shrewd reader, the dream is never presented as realistic. At pillow slip value the readers mind is guided by the opinion of George and the structure of the novel whenever the dream seems plausible, something happens to halt it. Conflicts are unceasingly brewing and it appears impossible for the dream to realise itself as Lennies demeanour threatens it at all time s. George describes Lennie uninterruptedly as a liability. There is never-ending evidence of this that structurally point forward to Lennies behaviour causing the dream to end. Firstly, George tells the story of Weed where Lennie caused trouble when he didnt mean any harm, and we actually witness Lennies liability when we see he has killed the puppy, again when he didnt mean to. His oerwhelming strength is often described as animalistic. The animal imagery used to describe him represents how he is simply not human, and more importantly he is below. His actions are all instinctive with images of his clutch like a bear.Another aspect of Lennies character is that he poses such strength and can never be contained because as Slim says, hes like a child, aint he. Lennie is too often underestimated, and George is often seen as culpable as he is the one that underestimates his likely for destruction most. George often turns a blind eye to Lennies problems due to the nature of their relat ionship it is a rare strong bond of companionship with unwashed gain I got you to look after me and you got me to look after you.The reader is directed by Georges spoken communication. His words are always rhythmic and show that subconsciously he doesnt ever believe in it. eve when it appears they are close to the dream his words have a negative undertone, suggesting the dream is a long way away the future cats which might dare to disturb the future rabbits. We hear from George at numerous points in the novel of the proceeds dream. It is the idea that he could live a normal life without the burden of Lennie. This would include making money and then blowing it immediately on short, immoral pleasures. The continuous mention of the counter dream shows us a reality rather than a dream that is lived by many of the men. It is just another reminder of how kafkaesque the dream is.The ending of the novel consists of the inevitable shattering of the dream. Lennie is eventually killed by George with the very(prenominal) gun that killed Candys dog and in the same way, for the same sort of reasons society cant deal with certain members. Directly foreboding aspects point forward to the ending of the dream. In particular, is the figure of Curleys married woman with her protective violent husband. Her loneliness caused her to be an underlying problem throughout the novel and her death physically signified the death of the dream because it signified the death of Lennie. This is because the dream could not exist without both George and Lennie due to their long ruttish bond. It is a relationship of mutual gain and among other things, both men have companionship unlike any other on the ranch.Without this, George particularly, would live out the counter dream. The novel is circular as suggested in the title which comes from a ruin poem The best laid plans omice and men leave us nought but grief and pain. At the beginning of the Novel, George makes Lennie remember where t o run to if he gets in trouble. hence, we know that the novel will come full circle due to Lennies behaviour. This is such a problem because society doesnt know how to deal with the insane, and as Slim comments, the only way society knows how to deal with people like Lennie, That aint no good.Therefore what shatters the dream, is Lennies death due to Lennies character and also subsequently the mens reactions. All of the men underestimate Lennies control over himself including the god-like Slim who says, He aint a mean guy. Because hes underestimated, he can never learn and never has done. Even when he murders Curleys wife, he thinks he should hide the puppy, which he forwardly killed. George kills Lennie but leaves in his mind the thought that the dream will still come true, You an me. This means that the dream is never genuinely shattered for Lennie. For George, there is nothing left, and the dream is destroy, with George only left with the counter dream.Candy rifles caught up with the main dream. It should be noted that it is not his dream so its hard to feel that he could ever feel the same way about it as George and Lennie. At the time, Candy had become comp allowely alone, as Carlson had shot his dog, his only companion. Candy felt he should have been the one to shoot the dog, I shouldnt ought to of let no stranger shoot my dog. He is therefore emotionally unstable as he feels he has nothing left. Candy builds up bravery to ask if he can be apart of the dream, Spose I went in with you guys. His offer is a suggestion, but as it is of financial plump for it is too great for George to resist.There are many features of appeal for Candy apart from the features he shares that George and Lennie will gain. The land offers Candy a place of safety like for Lennie. But unlike Lennie, Candys safety is in retirement. The land will be a peaceful place to live after his retirement. He knows that when he stops swamping he will be can, just like how his dog was sh ot. But the dream has other features of appeal for Candy. It gives him a find of self-respect and dignity. Being thrown out with nothing would kill his self esteem at the end of his life, but owning his own land would retrace his confidence in himself so he could die a happy man.The last main feature of appeal for Candy is companionship. He always has people around him on the ranch but because hes permanent and all the others arent, Candy never really gains their friendship. Owning the land with George and Lennie would mean he has people to spend the end of his life with Id make a will an leave my share to you guys. This is obvious but the fact that he has no one else he could give the money to is proof of his loneliness, a key theme of this novel.Candys involvement in the dream no surmise gives it a more realistic dimension. The fact that Georges eyes were full of wonder when Candy becomes involved suggests is more realistic. The time scale involved until the dreams completion h as been decreased and it is in the near future. The problem of Lennie not being able to be kept under control was seemingly dealt with, as Candy ands Lennie could move on to the land and set up the farm whilst George works for the rest of the money needed. It seems as if the dream is very likely, however, we find that the time scale to get the land is a month. This doesnt seem a long time, but we know theres no way Lennie can be kept under control for a whole month. Evidence of this is his behaviour in Weed. Therefore, although Candys involvement makes the dream much more realistic, it still isnt really plausible.Candy is the first to discover the body of Curleys Wife. Subconsciously he is the one that first knows the end of his dream is nigh, his face was hard and tight as wood. When he looks for confirmation he speaks his greatest fear. Candy dropped his head showing how he has been defeated and destroyed psychologically and spiritually. The reader already knows the implications t hat this has for his future. Indeed, the end of Candy raises the idea of protest against the give-and-take of the elderly in the microcosm of the ranch, which represents the bigger macrocosm that is 1930s America. At this time the elderly were not treated very well, and in the position in which Candy stands, as he grows too old to work, hell be canned and will have nothing, not even companionship. We know that Candy will suffer this utilitarian view, poor the same fate as his dog.Crooks has a cynical view of the dream, he thinks its crazy. He says, Youre nuts Crooks was contemptuous, I seen hundreds of men come by and they all got that same damn thing in their heads. Its clear that his view has developed over time, as Crooks is one of only two men on the ranch that are permanent. The scornful view is also linked to his bitterness you get a sense that Crooks doesnt want people to succeed due to his hard life and his own limited destiny as a black man. Hes always studying his right s as a black man, as seen by the mauled repeat of the California civil code. He remembers when he lived on his fathers own land and he had equality in his once not guilty mind when he was a child. Now, in his own words, If I say something, why its just a ringtail saying it.Another issue for Crooks is that hes living in such a racist time in history, that he suffers severely from loneliness. Hes surrounded by men crippled in some way by society, and he is himself physically crippled, yet he must tend to his own injuries, constantly run ointment into his back. Hes constantly segregated, living in an annex of barn, in a direction littered with broken imagery, broken harness a sort collar. He always tries to retain pride, he kept his distance and demanded that other people kept theirs.The truth is that hes forced to be separated from the other men. Its these social boundaries that have kept Crooks lonely throughout his life the way Candy has to break through an emotional threshol d to walk into Crooks room gives a very small implication that the two permanent men could possibly have been companions in different circumstances. Crooks has suffered so much in his life, that he has no capacity to dream left as he speaks of the al the men he has seen speaking of the same dream of land waiting for them Just like heaven. This biblical imagery refers to how Crooks feels that there is no such thing as paradise only suffering exists.Despite his deeply negative view of the dream, even Crooks becomes caught up in it. The fact that the cynic is converted directs the reader to once again thinking the dream is possible. The dream has so many features of appeal for Crooks that he cannot help but believe in it. After all he believes he has rights as he studies and speaks of them constantly. The dream would give him rights in many ways, socially and economically. It would give him companionship, something denied to him due to social boundaries. He thirsts for companionship as we see when Candy enters his room It was difficult for Crooks to conceal his pleasure with anger. The dream offers Crooks many similar aspects as it offers Candy. Safety is one of these. Like Candy, Crooks is crippled and getting older so the dream will give him security when the time where he wont be able to work will come.The dream will thereafter offer a peaceful resting place after his retirement. One reason why Crooks is so focused on his rights is that rights will give him dignity and a sense of self-respect. He is described as a a gallant, aloof man yet in society he has no dignity as he has no rights. The dream will offer him rights in the society that he will be in. The social boundaries are so strong that, as Candy says, I been here a long time an Crooks been here a long time. Thiss the first time I ever been in his room. Crooks must therefore be very brave, forgetting the pride he uses as a defence mechanism, to ask if he could be a part of the dream. He knew he was open to rejection yet he has such a huge belief that he could have a better life, that he chooses to risk his proud appearance, the only thing he possesses.It is inevitable that the dream will be shattered for Crooks, as things will never change. When Curleys Wife enters, the readers faith is structurally restored yet trouble appears. Curleys Wife makes a shrewd observation, They left all the weak ones here. By this she is referring to their relative flunk within the capitalist society. A white woman, especially with the role of being the bosss daughter in law, would be stronger than a black man, which means Crooks dream is bound to be shattered. This is exaggerated by the way Curleys wife appears to be looking for trouble and then shrugs off Crooks, as nigger whom she threatens to have lynched.Crooks had retired into the terrible protective dignity of the Negro as he always knows that he is powerless. Its ironic that although Curleys Wife has more power than Crooks, they are both pow erless in their own situations. Crooks seemed to grow smaller, and he pressed himself against the wall. The body language he expresses shows he is humiliated and deflated. His language becomes the deferential kind of a servant Yes, maam. Crooks symbolises the position of blacks in the Novel, which is a macrocosm of 1930s America. They were nothing, Crooks had reduced himself to nothing and his voice had become toneless. Things cannot change and will not change for Crooks no matter what he does, until societys opinions towards blacks change. Thus Chapter Four begins and ends with Crooks rubbing his back. The dream has come full circle.In Chapter Five we finally hear Curleys Wifes story and her own dream. Up until this point, she is viewed by the reader through the eyes of the men on the ranch. The result of this is that the reader is directed to build up a certain opinion of her that we later find to be distorted. Her behaviour is symptomatic of her loneliness. When we see her for th e person she has become, we hear her own dream. It consists of fame and glamour and all privileges that accompany it. She says she coulda been in the movies, an had nice clothes. She dreams of looking the part and living the modus vivendi of all areas of the media. She wants to sit in them big hotels, an had pitchers took of me. This shows how she wants to have people know who she is and that she wants to feel she is loved.Her dream is in moral contrast to the humble dream of the men, documentation the capitalist society that the men wish to escape from and focusing on material aspects of life. It represents an idea of rags to riches, a concept lying within the American dream, but there is a contrast in the perception of riches. Curleys Wifes dream is superficial and artificial, promoting the capitalist machine. Her dream offers an easy lifestyle lacking self-effort but still achieving wealth. It lacks moral depth. Fundamentally she desires attention and longs to be in the public eye. Shes always looking for attention and company in general by the way she comes looking for the men, as well as how she talks quickly for fear of loosing her audience.We do not criticise Curleys Wife for her dream as we see what it promises her, but we still condemn the dream. She is young and uneducated but the dream is still shallow. In realism, forgetting Curleys Wife, the dream of Hollywood is unrealistic, after all there are many that share the dream and the vast majority dont make it. Curleys Wife is timid herself if she believes in it. You feel that she is very insecure, as she seems to feel the dream is impossible for her by the use of the word coulda but she still tries to live her dream in her situation seen by the way she made a small grand gesture.This shows much pathos and poignancy especially when she says Maybe I will yet as the irony lies in the fact that her impending death is very near. In her own story we see Steinbeck making protest against the treatment of w omen. She was obviously used with the temptation of living her dream. She was told that she received a letter and when she didnt she blamed her mother. This was a scapegoat as was marrying Curley who she admits I don like Curley. He aint a nice fella. The dream is really an escape from her unhappy life and lacks sincerity.Curleys Wifes dream is shattered in her limit lifestyle and finally in her death. Her death ironically frees her from the cycle she has developed, whereby she tries to escape from her life. The manner of her final escape is therefore poignant and we finally see her for who she really is an innocent young girl She was pretty and simple, and her face was sweet and young.Steinbeck must step in here and portray her in this way because her previous appearance would suggest otherwise. She is seen before through the eyes of the men who use only derogatory terms to describe her such as jail check and tart. The question remains as to whether to condone or condemn her. Ste inbeck steps in to direct us to sympathise with her in case we whitethorn have already condemned her. The protest is made by the author against the treatment of women at the time and shows that this along with the resulting characteristics it develops, is a repeating cycle of action then reaction.Steinbeck does more than present dreams he shows how they are smashed and disintegrated. So does this mean that Of Mice and Men is a pessimistic book? In my opinion, it does not. Dreams are inevitably smashed, or rather this does not deprive them of value. More importantly the novel raises the issue that American society of the 1930s was problematic and in some ways slander it represents real groups of people who lead pessimistic lives. At this time in American history, America was suffering depression so the country would be split into optimists and pessimists. In my opinion, Steinbeck is saying that it is hard to reach the dream. Having a burden like Lennie is an extreme of the problems the road to the dream poses. However, it must be remembered that Lennie was half of the reason that the dream was even thought about. Steinbeck is making a statement that the American dream is a goal, and whether it is achievable or not, it is very good incentive for the capacity to hope and inspire.

Tourism and Social Exclusion in the Dominican Republic

Latin Ameri cannister Perspectives http//lap. sagepub. com/ Tropical Blues tourism and Social Exclusion in the Dominican body politic Amalia L. Cabezas Latin American Perspectives 2008 35 21 DOI 10. 1177/0094582X08315765 The online version of this article can be found at http//lap. sagepub. com/content/35/3/21 Published by http//www. sagepublications. com On behalf of Latin American Perspectives, Inc. Additional service and information for Latin American Perspectives can be found at Email Alerts http//lap. sagepub. com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions http//lap. sagepub. om/subscriptions Reprints http//www. sagepub. com/journalsReprints. nav Permissions http//www. sagepub. com/journalsPermissions. nav Citations http//lap. sagepub. com/content/35/3/21. refs. hypertext mark-up language D giveloaded from lap. sagepub. com at University of Sheffield on September 8, 2011 Tropical Blues tourism and Social Exclusion in the Dominican commonwealth by Amalia L. Cabezas Tourism study is the hea dstone of umpteen Caribbean economies, and its advocates argue that it contri just nowes to sustain equal development, the alleviation of poverty, and integration into the globularized economy.Scholars and activists, in contrast, orchestrate to touristry-related ecological deterioration, profit leakage, distorted cultural patterns, rising land values, and prostitution. They suggest that tourism perpetuates existing disparities, fiscal problems, and social tensions. Examination of tourism development in the Dominican commonwealth indicates that it deskills and devalues Dominican cookers, marginalizing them from phaeton development and bring upualizing their jab.The majority of people argon relegated, at best, to positions of servitude in low-paid jobs in the lump domain, unemployment, or unstable activities in the informal sector that include the commoditization of sex activity and affective relations. Keywords Tourism, Caribbean, Dominican Republic, Capitalism, Social el imination In A secondary Place, the Caribbean writer Jamaica Kincaid elaborates on the inequities of tourism (1988 1819) Every native of both location is a latent tourist, and every tourist is a native of somewhere. But some natives near natives in the worldcan non go anywhere. They are too poor. They are too poor to go anywhere. In foreign tourism, only some people are able to break and experience a respite from the crushing banality of their lives others, too poor to go anywhere, are relegated to servicing the need of opposed activateers. Travel and tourism are among the ab stunned important sparing activities of the global economy non just for the transnational monopolies that control them but similarly for those who dream of affecting and perhaps being able to turn someone elses special Kplace reality into the source of their oblige pleasure. This is the reality of the tropical blues. Tourism development is the backbone of many a(prenominal) Caribbean economies .For the dainty island nations, tourism today represents what sugar was a century ago a monocrop controlled by foreigners and a few elites that services the structures of assembly for global capitalism. 1 Can tourism change the economic context of small nation-states in the Caribbean by creating possibilities for the existence to improve its metre of lifespan? Tourism promoters, policy makers, experts, and development awayicials certainly think so. They Amalia L. Cabezas teaches at the University of California, Riverside, and is a coordinating editor of Latin American Perspectives.She give thanks the Centro de Promocion y Solidaridad Humana (a nongovernmental system working in Sosua, Puerto Plata, and the surrounding communities) and the Movimiento de Mujeres Unidas for re search assistance. Latin AMERICAN PERSPECTIVES, Issue 160, Vol. 35 No. 3, May 2008 21-36 DOI 10. 1177/0094582X08315765 2008 Latin American Perspectives 21 Downloaded from lap. sagepub. com at University o f Sheffield on September 8, 2011 22 LATIN AMERICAN PERSPECTIVES have historically made enthusiastic claims about the positive impact of tourism on host societies.From encourage world peace to preserving biodiversity and indigenous cultures, tourism has been considered a panacea for societies ills (Castellanos de Selig, 1981). More recently, tourism has been seen not only as generating foreign diversify and employment but also as contributing to sustainable development, the alleviation of poverty, and integration into the globalized economy. Governments and multilateral organizations such(prenominal) as the Inter-American ripening Bank, the World Bank, the planetary Monetary Fund, and United Nations development agencies promote tourism as a viable mechanism for economic and social development.It is easy to belowstand why so much hope is riding on tourism. Tourism is a vital component of the spread of global capitalism. It accounts for one-third of the global trade in services an d is expanding at twice the growth rate of world output (El Beltagui, 2001). Tourist arrivals, which stood at 25 million in 1950, are projected to reach 1. 6 billion by 2020 (WTO, 1999). According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC, 2005), the travel and tourism intentness accounts for US$4. 4 trillion of economic activity worldwide. In the Caribbean region, tourism development is of paramount importance as an indispensable source of foreign exchange (ILO, 2001). Judged by the International Labor Organization as the close tourism-oriented region in the world, the Caribbean is a region where a fifth of the gross domestic product is produced for tourists, directly or indirectly, by one out of every seven workers (ILO, 2001 119). Scholars and activists working in the field of tourism are much to a greater extent critical of tourism than policy makers and politicians.In the knightly three decades, assessments of tourisms socioeconomic impact have included discussions of ec ological deterioration, profit leakage, social displacement, distorted cultural patterns, rising land values, drugs, and prostitution (Harrison, 1992 Crick, 1996 Pattullo, 1996). Tourism has also been conjugate to the creation of demand for foreign-made goods, consumerism, the commodification of culture, trafficking in women and children, internal migration, and the disruption and corruption of traditional values and behaviors (see, e. g. McElroy, 2004 Mowforth and Munt, 1998 Pattullo, 1996). Furtherto a greater extent, scholars postulate that tourism perpetuates existing disparities, fiscal problems, and social tensions (Britton, 1996 Greenwood, 1989). Given such incongruities in opinions and assessments, I seek to examine the framework within which tourism development forms place and to explore why tourism has failed to raise the standard of living and create better life chances for people in the Caribbean region. The concern here is with the political economy of tourism develop ment in the Dominican Republic.In this article I argue that the history of economic, political, and social subjugation within the global capitalist system determines the institutional framework for the current tourism trade. I offer the indication that the international break protrude of labor in tourism deskills and devalues Dominican workers, marginalizing them from the process of tourism development and sexualizing their labor. I am concerned with the impact of these processes on the most(prenominal) vulnerable elements of the population. This case study is based on fieldwork undertaken in the Dominican Republic.Beginning in 1997, participant observation was conducted on the Downloaded from lap. sagepub. com at University of Sheffield on September 8, 2011 Cabezas / excision IN THE Dominican REPUBLIC 23 northernmosteast coast of the country in Puerto Plata and the neighboring beach resort developments of Playa Dorada and Sosua. Puerto Plata, a historic urban center with a p opulation of over 60,000, was targeted for development during the boom in tourism growth in the 1970s. It is the honest-to-godest and one of the most developed tourism areas of the country, and it continues to grow (ASONAHORES, 2004).Its port attracts journey lines, and it has an abun saltation of luxury resorts located east of the city in an area known as Playa Dorada. Sosua, a few kilometers up the coast, is a small beachside residential district settled by European Jews brought into the country by the former dictator Rafael L. Trujillo to whiten the nation (Symanski and Burley, 1973). It has many businesses own by expatriates and continues to attract European travelers, many from Germany. The north coast area has a large transient population of internal migrants who come to work in the tourism industry, its informal trade, and the free-trade zone.My research was help by two nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Puerto Plata and Sosua that are concerned with community health . Taperecorded interviews were conducted in 1997 at a community clinic with women who identified themselves as sex workers, many of whom were interact with the Movimento de Mujeres Unidas (Movement of United WomenMODEMU), an NGO that advocates for the labor and human rights of women in the sex industry. Further research for this project was carried out in 2004, 2005, and 2007, including work in the capital city of Santo Domingo and in the nearby tourist beach resort of Boca Chica.Data collection involved interviews with hotel workers, sex workers, community activists, members of MODEMU, people involved in the informal economy, topical anaesthetic businessmen, and tourists. morphological INEQUALITIES AND THE CAPITALIST GLOBAL SYSTEM Tourism exists within a political-economic framework characterized by monopoly capitala system of global capital that has evolved over the past 500 years and is in a new stage of accumulation characterized by the transnationalization of state formation , production, and consumption (Robinson, 2004 2007).It is important to keep the colonial patterns of capitalist accumulation in mind when examining tourism development, since global inequities lie at the heart of the tourism project. The capitalist world system has continually expanded through entrance to cheap labor, land, resources, and markets. These processes are clearly evident in the commercial and organizational systems of the hospitality and travel industries. Transnational tourism reflects the asymmetrical distribution of power and economic resources amid former colonies and their colonizers (Fanon, 1963).As Britton (1982 355) declares, The more a Third World country has been dominated by foreign capital in the past, the greater likelihood in that location is of the prerequisites for establishing a local tourist industry being present. It is metropolitan tourism capital that is the single most important element in determining the organization and characteristics of tour ism in underdeveloped countries. Time and resources have been important in the development of tourism, but so has economic power. While tourism is a global industry, the Downloaded from lap. sagepub. om at University of Sheffield on September 8, 2011 24 LATIN AMERICAN PERSPECTIVES majority of the receipts accrue to Europe and the United States (ILO, 2001 WTO, 2002). Indeed, the new forms of global capitalist domination, as manifested in the tourism and travel market, demonstrate that Dominicans face an empire of global capital (Robinson, 2007 19). The Caribbean is thus relegated to a pleasure periphery within the international division of labor, a host region that accommodates leisure travelers and the demands of transnational corporations (Turner and Ash, 1975).The tourism industry in the global northeast emerged with subsidized state-led development. Growth in infrastructure and technology benefited from statesponsored research and development. In the 1950s the U. S. Senate aut horized more than US$12 million to support the development of improved transport aircraft, and U. S. policy encouraged the development of civil aeronautics and air commerce both within and outside of the United States (Truong, 1990). The function of U. S. aviation equipment, U. S. eronautical procedures, and the English language as the world standard in aviation guaranteed the United States dominance in civil aeronautics globally. In westward Europe, the concept of participatory enterprise, by which airlines are owned in part or wholly by governments, helped to cover the losses incurred by the operation of unprofitable but strategically important routes (Truong, 1990). Both the United States and Western Europe subsidized and cultivated the global travel infrastructure and formal the regulations and norms of the travel industry, facilitating their control and domination.Travel and tourism enterprises experienced rapid growth and expansion as they sought to capture the disposable earnings of wage workers in the booming economies of Western Europe and the United States during the late 1950s and 1960s. Their growth was enhanced by new patterns of production and consumption in the global North and the creation of social legislation ensuring holiday time off. It was advantageous for the United States to further its political and commercial interests in the Caribbean by promoting the growth of tourism as a form of economic development.As Truong (1990 104) explains, The advocated tactical and strategic flexibility in the execution of civil aviation policy has been translated into the use of multilateral aid channels to cover U. S. interests and overt intervention in international aviation and tourism. The promotion of tourism itself reflect the awareness of the relation between air transport and economic development. This intervention has two main advantages for the United States. From a commercial perspective, such intervention contributes to the fortify of the U.S. position as a manufacturer and exporter of aircraft and navigation equipment. From a political perspective, it helps to consolidate the direction of social and economic development in the third world, which benefits U. S. interests under a screen of peaceful understanding. In due course, the growth of the tourism industry became a peaceful method of attaining long-lasting political power and financial control in the markets and politics of the in the south (Lanfant, totallycock, and Bruner, 1995).The framework for the development of the travel and tourist industry impedes poor countries from generating foreign exchange, increasing employment, or promoting the participation of the most marginal segments of the community (Britton, 1996). It enables transnational corporations to use their superior technology, resources, and commercial power to control Third World Downloaded from lap. sagepub. com at University of Sheffield on September 8, 2011 Cabezas / EXCLUSION IN THE Domin ican REPUBLIC 25 tourist destinations.Tourisms tendency to perpetuate patterns of economic dependency and vulnerability for developing countries is evident in the island nations of the Caribbean, where small local suppliers have limited access to tourist-generating markets monopolized by powerful full-lengthsalers and retailers (Ashley et al. , 2006). Tour operatorsa transnational industry based in Western Europe and the United Statescan project an pattern of a country through worldwide marketing campaigns that ensure a steady flow of visitors. Because of economies of scale, they can control tourist packages and get out or promote particular destinations (Britton, 1996).They unite suppliers and consumers in the pursuit of profits and pleasure with direct contact with travel consumers through vertically integrated travel agencies, they can control particular destinations and dominate the flow of visitors. They can pressure hotels to play in certain ways and negotiate low prices, especially in beach resorts. They favor a standardized product, such as the encompassing deal, a comprehensively controlled tourist experience in which the familiarity of the brand and the security of the travel experience are more important than local several(predicate)iation. The comprehensive tourist package seizes tour operators and travel agencies to combine all of the components of a destinations attractionsrecreation, meals, food, lodging, and transportationinto a single product paid for at the point of origin. This limits the participation of local producers and confines the profits to the global North. As the Dominican Republic has adopted the all-inclusive model, the earnings per tourist have decreased per-room spending has declined from a soaring of US$318 in 1982 to the current low of US$154 (UNDP, 2005 73).The all-inclusive package is only one component of the revolution in information technology that has integrated travel and tourism into a circuit that combines a ir transport, sea cruises, tours, and car rentals into a worldwide monopoly. Further vertical integration of airlines, car rental, and tour operators has been facilitated by the Internet. 4 Electronic commerce in tourism services, which represents a new possibility for online holiday booking for tourism proposers, works to the disadvantage of developing countries, which have only limited access to the Internet.Other practices include the mergers of transnational unified giants in the areas of technology, travel, hospitality, and media. HOTELS, CRUISE LINES, AND DISASTERS In an progressively globalized industry, the trend in the hospitality industry is from independently owned and owner-operated hotels to the multinational hotel chains that have become the industry standard. In the Dominican Republic, hotels with more than 400 rooms have the highest and least volatile occupancy rates (UNDP, 2005 75 Secretaria de Estado de Turismo, 2007).In the accommodations industry, an impressiv e amount of consolidation took place in the 1980s, resulting in hotel brands under few and larger corporate umbrellas. Major multinational hotel chains have been involved in important acquisitions and mergers (ILO, 2001 38). Cendant, the largest hotel chain in the world, operates 6,000 hotels with 500,000 rooms. Some major hotel Downloaded from lap. sagepub. com at University of Sheffield on September 8, 2011 26 LATIN AMERICAN PERSPECTIVES corporations, such as Best Western, operate in almost degree centigrade countries (ILO, 2001 120). Since the mid-1990s, multinational hotel companies entering foreign markets have used consolidation strategies to strengthen their position vis-a-vis local markets. Furthermore, brand-name hotels promote themselves by advertising their own productsfacilities, amenities, services, and pricesmore than any particular country. Because so many corporations strive for a standardized and solid product, one facility is the same as any other, regardless(pr enominal) of geographical destination. The disdain for difference and diversity is part of what some scholars have identified as the McDisneyization of post-tourism (Ritzer and Liska, 1997).The promotion of industry control through monopolistic practices is also perceptible in the increasing number of strategic alliances aimed at supplying diversified products and services that strengthen the hotel corporations market position. 6 The ILO (2001) indicates that major multinational corporations such as Hyatt and Starwood are partnering with Microsofts Expedia in the acquisition of new information and communication technology. In the distribution of products and cross-marketing between food service providers and hotels, Marriott and Hilton are now conjugated with Pizza Hut.Strategic alliances between multinationals also include distribution and cross-promotion between financial services, credit cards, and hotels. In this area, American Express is now working with Accor Hotels and Vis a and American Express are partnered with Bass Hotels and Resorts. The consolidation of hotels and transportation means that some hotels, such as Cendant, have now partnered with more than 20 airlines. Cendants holdings also include vehicle rental companies, online ticket sales enterprises such as Orbitz and CheapTickets, and major resort condominiums and real estate holdings.In media and entertainment, the copromotion of hotels and films has combined the resources of industry giants such as Marriott and Bass Hotels and Resorts with ESPN, Discovery, and E-Entertainment (ILO, 2001 3). The Disney Corporation, with its Caribbean Disney Cruises that target all age-groups, has been able to create all-encompassing corporate control by combining cruises and airfare with its own private de dwell Caribbean islands. 6 Disney cruises mark Disney merchandise, entertainment, and films. Through these methods, cruises operate as the ultimate product-placement scheme.This represents a significant impact on the region on a number of levels. Not only is the Caribbean the most important geographic market for the cruise industry (ILO, 2001) but that industry is one of the most egregious violators of labor and environmental standards (Wood, 2000). For example, the majority of its workers come from south-east and south Asia and are paid wages as low as US$1. 55 an hour (Wood, 2000). As a deterritorialized industry, cruise lines are able to evade labor standards such as minimum wage and restrictions on overtime that are established by national laws.The interaction with actually populated islands is limited to a few hours of shopping for souvenirs. Consequently, the overall market for cruise tourism in the Caribbean translates into lower earnings for the region, since its participation in the profits is curb to, at best, a few hours of shopping in a port community. The increasing horizontal integration of the travel and tourism industry is manifested in the computerized booking systems, with high access charges, that have rapidly become the industry norm. Tourism services are increasingly Downloaded from lap. sagepub. om at University of Sheffield on September 8, 2011 Cabezas / EXCLUSION IN THE Dominican REPUBLIC 27 being purchased on the Internet via three main mechanisms a computer reservations system known as Global distribution Systems (GDS), third-party web sites such as Orbitz and Travelocity, and hotel- and airline-owned-and-operated direct booking. GDS is used primarily by tour operators and travel agents in destination countries to book not only travel and accommodations but other tourism products as well. The cost of GDS fees and technology is prohibitive for small and medium-sized enterprises.Orbitz, one of the two biggest online travel agents, is owned by the five biggest U. S. airlinesAmerican, Continental, Delta, Northwest, and United. Travelocity is owned by Sabre Holdings, the worlds largest travel agent reservations system, and GDS (PSTT , 2004). At an impressive rate, consolidation and strategic alliances by multinational corporations have limited the opportunities for small and medium-sized suppliers in the tourism industry, thereby restricting access to profits to those aligned with transnational capital.With few alternatives, largely because of their lack of technological development and capital, small nation-states cannot eat up these powerful intermediaries and deal with tourists directly. A number of other structural issues are associated with the vulnerability of Caribbean destinations and the impediments to their benefiting from tourism development. One alarming concern is the leakage of foreign exchange earnings in the amount of imported consumer goods required to sustain the tourism industry.As John Urry (1996 215) explains, Much tourist investment funds in the developing world has in fact been undertaken by large-scale companies based in North American or Western Europe, and the bulk of such tourist exp enditure is retained by the transnational companies involved only 2225 percent of the retail price remains in the host country. A major problem is the high import content of construction material and equipment and the many consumable goods required to cater to the needs of tourists.It is difficult to bring local suppliers into the supply chain, since the goods required by tourists may not be produced locally, and, when they are, tourists tend to reject them (Ashley et al. , 2006). Another source of leakage is the repatriation of income and profits to metropolitan locations through generous revenue enhancement incentives created to stimulate investment (Urry, 1996 215). Finally, excessive reliance on one industry renders tourist destinations extremely vulnerable to external markets. Anything that weakens demand for a destination undermines the national economy.Circumstances such as the September 11 attacks and the weather can generate a considerable downturn in the tourism economy. With the acceleration of global climate change, the Dominican Republic, for example, is increasingly susceptible to more powerful and frequent hurricanes. Stronger tropical storms and the rise in sea levels could cause the disappearance and erosion of beaches? the main engine of the economy and a source of livelihood for the nation. Hurricane Noel in 2007 devastated parts of the islands, killing hundreds and generating an epidemic of leptospirosis. The minister of tourism, Felix Jimenez, papered that news of the epidemic had tainted the national image and that the images of Hurricane Noels last televised in Europe had led tour operators to cancel charter flights (Hoy, November 25, 2007). However, the majority of areas and people directly suffering from the catastrophic effects of the hurricane were those already living in extreme poverty, certainly not in tourist zones. Downloaded from lap. sagepub. com at University of Sheffield on September 8, 2011 28 LATIN AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE SThe government appears more preoccupied with its image than with creating an infrastructure that reduces damage. One family of five, for example, has been living in a temporary shelter since Hurricane Jeanne destroyed their home in September 2004 (Listin Diario, November 20, 2007). INTERNATIONAL TOURISM IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC While Barbados, Cuba, and Jamaica developed their tourism infrastructure in the early twentieth century to accommodate North American travelers, the Dominican Republic did not become a tourist destination until close to 70 years later.The nations negative image during the era of dictator Rafael Trujillo reflected fear of a violent political system. 8 The political instability that followed the U. S. assassination of Trujillo in 1961 and the subsequent invasion and occupation by 23,000 North American troops did not support an alluring image of a tropical paradise. The physical security of guests, an essential component in the packaging of tourist destination s, could not be ensured.In 1966 Joaquin Balaguer, an old crony of Trujillo and an anticommunist ally of the United States, came to power through corruption and force. Balaguers regime, in concert with multilateral agencies, sought to capture the U. S. tourist market that had been temporarily displaced since the Cuban Revolution. Through World Bank loans and development packages, the productive structure of the country was transformed and its economic strategy redirected toward absorbing foreign investment in tourism. Tax concessions that amounted to more than 10 years of tax exemptions for investment in tourism development were established by Law 153-71. 10 International tourism in the Dominican Republic grew slowly at the end of the 1960s as a way of generating development without making large investments in manufacturing and technology. Since tourism relies on the packaging of natural assets, it was considered to support economic growth by using existing resources, such as sandy b eaches, a warm and felicitous climate, friendly people, and local arts and music (Tavares, 1993).In 1968 the Plan Nacional de Desarrollo established the outline of a strategy for the tourism sector (Castellanos de Selig, 1981). In 1971 the Central Bank established a department for the promotion of tourism development to be financed by the World Bank. Through loans and with the technical expertise of the World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank, in the 1970s the Dominican Republic began to move away from state-led industrialization and sugar toward tourism and free-trade zones (Atkins and Wilson, 1998).The acceleration of its incorporation into the global economy was facilitated by structural adaptation programs that, for example, devalued the Dominican peso in 1987 to help the country compete for foreign investment. Tourism rapidly displaced sugar as the main source of earnings, and by 1997 it was generating more than half of the countrys total foreign exchange (Jimenez, 199 9). The government created generous tax concessions to stimulate foreign investment with the goals of producing employment, paying off the foreign debt, and generating revenue.In the long run, however, this approach failed to create sustainable development or to enhance the well-being of the Downloaded from lap. sagepub. com at University of Sheffield on September 8, 2011 Cabezas / EXCLUSION IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 29 majority of the population. field elites have benefited, as the increasing polarization of income indicates, but the majority of the population has been relegated to positions of servility in a agonistic labor market that provides predominantly low-paid, seasonal, and unstable jobs.EXCLUSION AND MARGINALIZATION OF THE LABOR FORCE The exploitation of labor and natural resources in beachfront resorts is particularly acute on the north coast of the Dominican Republic, where the environment is showing signs of degradation due to the extensive development that has taken place in the area. Over 95 percent of the resorts operate under the all-inclusive enclave model (Departamento de Estadisticas, interview, ASONAHORES, October 2005), and over 60 percent also use time-share allocation (ASONAHORES, 2004). Enclave resorts have a reputation for being gilded ghettoes? egregated spaces that come out Dominicans while providing luxury accommodations to foreigners. The resorts are small cities and, as such, are developed with all kinds of facilities (UNDP, 2005 68). They represent foreign, exclusive spaces that keep tourists from seeing the local poverty that readiness make them uncomfortable and keep them from wishing to stay in the country. The latest development scheme, the 30,000-acre mega-resort Cap Cana, features four luxury hotels including the Ritz Carlton, apartments, villas, five golf courses, condominiums, boutiques, restaurants, a assembly center, and a marina.This resort complex will target the high-end market instead of the mass tourism mar ket that the country has sought for decades. These tourism compounds provide electricity, sewerage, pave roads, and running water for their pleasure- and leisure-oriented guests, but basic infrastructure development in the country remains chaotic, lacking planning, development, and environmental control. Shantytowns often lack plumbing, electricity, and paved roads. This disrespect represents a hidden cost to the host society and a urther appropriation of social and environmental resources by foreign capital. 11 The United Nations Human Development Report for the Dominican Republic (UNDP, 2005) indicates that the tourism labor force is made up primarily of young women, over half of them younger than 39 and with fewer than eight years of schooling (UNDP, 2005 77). The earnings for tourism workers is below the national average (UNDP, 2005 78), with women earning approximately 68 percent of a mans salary in the industry.Women are nearly absent from supervisory and focussing position s. This reflects an industry norm, for, as the ILO (2001 86) points out, women globally have little access to the higher levels of corporate management in the hotel, catering, and tourism sector. Globally, women also experience income disparities vis-a-vis men at all levels of hotel, catering, and tourism employment. They generally occupy the lower echelons in the tourism labor market, with few career opportunities and low levels of remuneration.While Dominican women experience greater vulnerability and gender discrimination in the workforce, Dominican men are displaced and excluded from employment and pregnant participation. Camilo, an informal tourist guide in his late twenties, has been working for the past 10 years in activities Downloaded from lap. sagepub. com at University of Sheffield on September 8, 2011 30 LATIN AMERICAN PERSPECTIVES connected with tourism. He and other guides idle outside of the Playa Dorada resort complex hoping to befriend the rare tourist or, better, tourist group that ventures outside the all-inclusive beachfront compound on foot.The modus operandi of these well-dressed young men is to approach foreigners with multiple offersfor example, to dine with them at a typical Dominican restaurant, to show them around town, and to teach them how to dance merengue. The day that I met Camilo, he was angry to hear that resorts management had been making disparaging comments about Dominicans during orientation meetings for their guests. He explained I deficiency to fight against the lack of information or disinformation about Dominicans and the Dominican Republic.I would like to have a crew secretly filming in the hotel, and I want to send that to the national media. The agents of these corporations are talking bad about us, about assaults, assassinations, and such things. We are walking guides we provide a service. My friends and I speak different languages. Why is it that all the hotels and the travel agencies and the stores in the resor ts have to use foreigners to work there? Why, if I speak German, I can defend myself in Italian, I am excellent in English? I can sell anything in German.It is something that I do not understand. If I go to Germany, they will not let me work. I used to sell horseback riding tours now all those are owned by Germans. They are displacing us in our own country. Camilos statements address the massive displacement of Dominican workers. With the majority of resorts managed by expatriates, many of whom do not appreciate the cultural, social, and economic realities of the countries in which they work, locals are defeated by the lack of respect accorded them by foreigners and the severe competition for the tourist market.Camilo had started out with a small business that took tourists on horseback riding trips and had been agonistic out of the market when the resorts begun offering these excursions to their guests. Such displacement has led many citizens to feel like foreigners in their nati ve land. Most resorts keep the local populations out with security personnel and by requiring guests to wear wrist-bands during their stay. Treated like outsiders, Dominicans are turned away at the front gate unless they come as workers.This exclusion positions Dominican labor as a marginalized and deterritorialized workforce, performing roles and functions similar to those they would carry out as foreign, undocumented workers in Europe or North America. The common practice of the resort enclaves in the Caribbean region of recruiting top management and skilled labor from Western Europe and the United States means that Dominicans seldom work in positions of management or as chefs in the resorts, and, as Camilo mentions, they are even excluded from retail operations.These exclusionary practices marginalize the local populationnot just the working correct but also nationally trained executives and mid-level managers. Dominican men are relegated to service labor such as work in accomm odations, reception, security, and grounds-keeping or, as Camilo does, rise up out a living in unstable and contingent activities in the informal sector. Gender also creates labor hierarchies within hotels. Dominican men are excluded from management, but gender stereotypes also give them access to positions with more opportunities for gratuities, such as bartender and luggageDownloaded from lap. sagepub. com at University of Sheffield on September 8, 2011 Cabezas / EXCLUSION IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 31 handler. Dominican women, in contrast, are employed in gender-designated positions of domesticity such as housekeeping. There are few opportunities for Dominicans to participate directly in the tourism economy. To escape this predicament, many cultivate relationships of companionship, friendship, and romance with tourists and other foreigners as a way to access the global economy, travel to the global North, and improve their lives.Many relationships between Dominican women and fore ign men mingle intimate, affective relations with economic activity, but others emphasize payment for sexual services. While some studies indicate that Caribbean formal tourism workers have sex with tourists in the resorts (Cabezas, 2004 CEPROSH, 1997 Crick, 2001), many more reports reveal that it is people hustling in the informal economy who provide tourists with sexual and affective exchanges (Herold et al. 2001 Padilla, 2007 Gregory, 2007).In the Dominican Republic the young men are popularly known as sanky panky, heterosexually identified men who provide romance, companionship, and sex to men and women. These new sexual formations have also appeared in other touristdependent islands such as Jamaica (rent-a-dreads), Barbados (beach boys) and Cuba (pingueros and jineteros) (Hodge, 2002). Although many men are able to exploit foreigners fantasies of racial eroticism to enhance their life chances and masculinity, women who use intimate relationships with foreigners to support their households bear a heavy burden of stigma and riminalization (Cabezas, 2004 2005). It is primarily working-class women of color who bear the burden of state-inflicted violence, harassment, extortion, and rape (Cabezas, 1999 2005). Miriam, a 23-year-old develop of two, had one child when she met the father of her youngest, a vacationing African-American police officer from New York in his late thirties. John visits Miriam often and sends approximately US$60 a month to support his eight-month-old daughter. However, Miriam must continue to seek out relationships with foreign and local men to supplement his support.Her oldest daughter has liver disease, and the fix visits and medication are costly. She tells me fearlessly, From luck and death no one can escape. Johanna, a 20-year-old single mother of two, cannot find any type of work that would allow her to support her mother and two children. She was fired from her job as a waitress when she got pregnant and began selling sex to for eign men who live or vacation in Boca Chica. Her aim is to meet a tourist who will provide her with travel to a foreign country. Any place is better than here, she tells me. When I asked her if she was frightened by reports of sex trafficking or other forms of exploitation that could potentially take place in a country where she knows no one, she looked down and replied intensely, I have to assume that risk, because here I am going to either go crazy or die of hunger. HIV/AIDS Discussions of travel associated with work or leisure have increasingly pointed to the risks involved in mobility and HIV/AIDS. 2 Paul Farmer (1992) has argued that the HIV virus was introduced to Haiti by gay North American men vacationing on the island, and the Caribbean Epidemiology Centre indicates Downloaded from lap. sagepub. com at University of Sheffield on September 8, 2011 32 LATIN AMERICAN PERSPECTIVES that this is true for the Caribbean as a whole (Camara, 2001) and that the countries that are the most economically dependent on tourism in the region have the highest prevalence of HIV cases (Camara, 2001 Padilla, 2007 171).Padilla (2007) maintains that tourism in the Dominican Republic continues to function as an important source of new infections, exerting an ongoing influence on the scope and impact of AIDS in specific locales. This assertion is corroborate by the UNDP report (2005 85), which indicates that the areas with the highest incidence of HIV in the country are also those with the highest rates of tourism. However, there has been little prevention education targeting tourism-sector workers.Padilla argues that this is because of the fear of fostering a negative image that could potentially contradict the escapism, exoticism, and consequence-free environment that compose at least part of the tourism package offered to foreigners (2007 172). The women informants for my study, who worked primarily with tourists, were adamant in attesting to their use of condoms and re sistance to offers of unsafe sex for higher compensation. Mari explained, This is my body it is the only thing I can count on to support my children.Im not going to risk everything for a few extra dollars. They cant pay me enough. Another woman exclaimed, If I get sick, are they going to take care of me? Are they going to take care of my children? These statements are representative of what many women told me however, a few caveats are in order. First, the women I interviewed were associated with MODEMU and CEPROSH, two organizations that provide peer-to-peer safer-sex education. Also, Puerto Plata has a governmentmandated policy of condom use in sex establishments (Haddock, 2007).These women were educated and aware of the dangers of unprotected sex. Secondly, most of the women identified with the term sex worker, meaning that many of their relations with foreigners were direct sex-for-money exchanges. Women who engage in less rigidly structured and more ambiguous relationships, i n which the conditions of the exchange deemphasize economic factors, may take more risks to prove that they are not from the street. Research from the Caribbean also confounds easy assumptions about sexual identity, sexual practice, and HIV/AIDS.Padillas (2007) research in the Dominican Republic and that of Fosado (2004) and Hodge (2002) from Cuba testify to the difficulty of categorizing the mode of HIV transmission in these countries as heterosexual, given the growth of same-sex male sex work with tourists. The political economy of tourism serves as the context for straightidentified men to engage in same-sex relations with foreign men to support wives, girlfriends, and families. The impression of sex workers as vectors of disease also needs to be reexamined. My research with 30 women septic with HIV/AIDS, who worked in sex stablishments serving a predominantly Dominican clientele in Santo Domingo, indicates that all were infected by their husbands or regular boyfriends, with w hom they did not use safer-sex techniques. Thus far, all the women that I have interviewed claim to use condoms for protection with their clients and to let their guard down with regular partners. Third, many of the young single workers are internal migrants to tourist areas and are more likely to engage in riskier practices and have a less stable lifestyle (UNDP, 2005). There are few educational and prevention programs to target this population.These are two areas in which more research is needed. Downloaded from lap. sagepub. com at University of Sheffield on September 8, 2011 Cabezas / EXCLUSION IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 33 CONCLUSION Few viable alternatives exist to the current structure of travel, leisure, and tourism, which consigns people in the South to poorly remunerated labor. The Dominican Republic, along with other Caribbean nations, attracts foreign investment by offering a low-cost labor force, tax exemptions, and other incentives, but tourism denies the majority of it s working people tolerable work. 13 The squeezing of labor power and natural resources has left the country with a massive tourism infrastructure, with more than 60,000 hotel rooms, and over 3 million pleasure visitors a year (Secretaria de Estado de Turismo, 20042007) in an ecology of disaster. These figures continue to grow every year without concern for the timber of life of Dominicans. The majority of people are relegated, at best, to positions of servitude in low-paid jobs in the formal sector, underemployment, or unstable activities in the informal sector that include the commoditization of sexuality and affective relations.Dominicans dream of being leisure travelers, holding decent jobs, and securing a better future for their children, but the transnational tourism industry cannot provide them decent wages and higher standards of living. Various scholars have documented the ingenuity and resourcefulness of the Caribbean people in acting on the tourism infrastructure (Cabeza s, 2004 Fosado, 2004 Padilla, 2007), but the opportunities and potential for significant democratization are modest or absent.Tourism may provide the opportunity for people from the global North to re-create themselves, but people from the South have access to this opportunity only through sexual exchanges that place their lives at risk. Reciprocal leisure travel is what every native needs to fool away the tropical blues. NOTES 1. Tourism and travel are considered export-oriented services. 2. Increasingly tourism is one of the worlds largest generators of jobs. The WTTC (2005) calculates that the sector accounted for 10 percent of total employment in 1997 worldwide and is expected to generate an estimated 328 million jobs by 2010. . The UNDP (2005) is rather critical of the all-inclusive model of development in the Dominican Republic. It contends that this model offers a homogeneous product marked by the stereotypical image based on sun, sand, and sea, a tourism product with facili ties that face away from local populations and one characterized by constant competition and lack of state regulation. While I support this spatially concentrated form of development and the general segregation of tourists from local populations, my point here is to express concern for the lack of human capital development of the population.Further, tourism development generally promotes a slash, burn, and move on approach to the environment. unoccupied travel in the Dominican Republic follows the pattern of exploitation of natural resources and cheap labor prevalent in neocolonial regimes whereby transnational finance capital and local elites benefit from these structures and the local people are left to suffer the consequences. 4. According to one estimate, 3350 percent of Internet use is based on tourism (ILO, 2001). 5. The trend in consolidation is evident in ILOs data (2001). It maintains that in 1999 the 10 biggest companies controlled 2. 4 million rooms but by 2000 9 giants controlled 2. 98 million hotel rooms. 6. In the Caribbean, of the eight major cruise lines operating, six own their own private islands which they include among their ports of call (Wood, 2000 361). 7. Leptospirosis is caused by a bacterium, Leptospira, that can be transmitted through exposure to water, food, or soil containing the urine of infected animals. The epidemic had killed 27 people by November 20, 2007. Downloaded from lap. sagepub. com at University of Sheffield on September 8, 2011 34 LATIN AMERICAN PERSPECTIVES 8. Trujillo was dictator from 1930 to 1961.His regime was characterized by extreme violence and repression, the massacre of 12,000 Haitians in 1938, and the accumulation of immense personal wealth. He created state structures and placed his cronies in offices within them to perpetuate his power (Betances and Spalding, 1995). 9. Various multilateral agencies created specialized units for the evaluation, approval, and funding of the projects of member countries. In the 1960s the Inter-American Development Bank, the U. S. mode for International Development, and the World Bank, for example, directed their lending in Latin America toward tourism development (Monge, 1973).The Organization of American States also promoted financial resources for tourism development. All these efforts were enhanced in the Dominican Republic by Law 153, which granted tax concessions to tourism investors and corporations. Thus foreign entities took the lead in creating highly gilded conditions for foreign investment. 10. The legislation that governs these practices established an incentive system to stimulate development in the tourism sector by providing an initial 10-year 100 percent tax exemption on earnings, imports, and construction. 11.Environmental costs are borne entirely by the local population, since the enforcement of environmental regulations is nearly nonexistent (see UNDP, 2005 8687 Gregory, 2007). 12. 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